Os principais bloqueios utilizados na analgesia e anestesia de cães e gatos: revisão de literatura

Abstract

The use of analgesia and local anesthesia techniques in small animals is increasingly improved and modulated according to the needs of each patient and their pain pathophysiology. In this context, the present study aims to make a brief literature review on the main anesthetic blocks used in analgesia and anesthesia in dogs and cats. To reach this objective it was highlighted the most common anesthetic techniques used at the routine such as epidural block, dental block, ophthalmic block and infiltrative blocks, which are quite widespread in anesthetic practice due to their effectiveness, low cost and easy execution. The epidural block is widely used in surgical approach of the pelvic limbs, anal, perineal and in some intra-abdominal procedures such as surgeries in the urinary bladder, rectum, prostate and uterus. The technique effectiveness consists in the administration of local anesthetics in the epidural space of the spinal cord. In dental anesthetic blocks, different points of blockage are indicated according to the dental region involved and extension, witch the following blocks can be performed: infra-orbital and maxillary, covering the maxillary region, and mental and inferior alveolar blocks, covering the mandibular region. Ophthalmic blocks are widely used in the clinical surgical routine since pathologies in the ocular region cause intense pain and discomfort in the patient, because it is a highly vascularized and innervated region. The main techniques used are retrobulbar, peribulbar and subtenonian blocks. Finally, infiltrative blocks are also recurrent in the anesthesia of small animals and are very safe depending on the desensitized area, the drug chosen, the administered volume and the speed of peripheral vessels absorption. In final considerations, we may conclude that the use of blocks in veterinary medicine is necessary and efficient to aim a multimodal anesthesia for obtain greater safety.