Diagnostico da anemia hemolítica imunomediana em cães: revisão de literatura

Abstract

Immune disorders are more commonly diagnosed in dogs than in cats, in both species they are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia is one of the most common autoimmune diseases in dogs. It results from the production of autoantibodies against the erythrocyte membrane, which can occur in a primary or secondary way. It is an autoimmune disorder in which the response is misdirected, going against host cell antigens, causing erythrocyte destruction resulting in extravascular hemolysis or intravascular hemolysis. The etiology of most cases in dogs is unknown. AHIM can be divided into primary (idiopathic or autoimmune) or secondary to other causes, which can be infectious (bacterial, viral, fungal), parasitic, neoplastic, associated with the use of drugs, vaccines or food. Clinical signs are nonspecific and may vary depending on the time of onset of the condition, and may be acute or chronic. The most common clinical manifestations are weakness, lethargy, exercise intolerance, pale mucous membranes, dyspnea, tachycardia, fever and jaundice. Among the laboratory alterations, we can observe the occurrence of moderate to severe anemia, which can be regenerative, but cases without regeneration are also observed. There is no gold standard test for diagnosing AHIM, however, knowing the characteristics and limitations of different diagnostic tests and correlating them with the patient's clinic, a conclusive diagnosis can be reached.

Key words: Dog, hemolysis, jaundice